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Abstract
I- Hydrographic parameters:
A- Physicochemical parameters:
1- Hydrogen ion concentration (pH) recorded a total annual mean concentration of 8.13 with the highest local average of 8.15 at site I that located away from drainage sources.
2- Water temperature ºC recorded a total annual mean concentration of 22.65 oC with the highest local average of 27.63 oC at site IV that located off the Thermal Power Plant. The lowest monthly average of 18.63 oC was recorded in January 1998.
1- Water salinity (‰) recorded a total annual mean concentration of 42.43 ‰ with the highest local average of 42.69 ‰ at site VI due to shallowness and evaporation but the lowest of 41.54 ‰ was at site V due to sewage and wastewater from El-Nasr Fertilizers Factory.
2- Dissolved oxygen (DO2) recorded a total annual mean concentration of 6.23 mg L-1 with the highest monthly average of 7.47 mg L-1 in January 1999 and February 1999, while the lowest of 5.01 mg L-1 was in July 1998. The highest local average of 6.65 mg L-1 was found at site VIII but the lowest of 4.67 mg L-1 was at site IV off the Thermal Power Plant.
3- The total suspended matter (TSM) recorded a total annual mean concentration of 14 mg L-1 with the highest local average of 19 mg L-1 at sites VI and VIII while the lowest of 11 mg L-1 at sites I, II and VII. The highest monthly average of 24 mg L-1 was in September 1998 but the lowest of 9 mg L-1 was in December 1998.
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B- Nutrient salts:
1- Dissolved nitrate in water recorded a total annual mean concentration of 3.25 μg-at.(N-NO3) L-1 with the highest local average of 7.96 μg-at.( NO3-N) L-1 at site V due to sewage and fertilizers wastes. The lowest average of 0.33 μg-at.( NO3-N) L-1 was found at site VIII.
2- Ammonia salts recorded a total annual mean concentration of 9.93 μg-at.(N-NH4) L-1 and also the highest local average of 37.26 μg-at.(N-NH4) L-1 at site V. The lowest average of 1.90 μg-at.(N-NH4) L-1 was found at site I.
3- Dissolved nitrite recorded a total annual mean concentration of 0.90 μg-at. (NO2- N) L-1 with the highest local average of 1.78 μg-at.( NO2- N) L-1 at site V. The lowest average of 0.41 μg-at.( NO2- N) L-1 was found at site VIII.
4- Dissolved phosphate recorded a total annual mean concentration of 0.85 μg-at.( PO4-P) L-1 with the highest local average of 0.94 μg-at.( PO4-P) L-1 at site IV due phosphatic detergents. The lowest average of 0.44 μg-at.(PO4-P) L-1 was found at site I.
III- Trace elements in water:
1- Cadmium in water showed annual mean concentrations of 0.27 ppb, 0.17 ppb and 0.44 ppb for dissolved, particulate and total cadmium, respectively. These levels were higher than world Ocean water concentration. The high concentrations were found in polluted Suez Bay sites but the low were water from sites I and VIII.
2-Cobalt in water showed annual mean concentrations of 0.33 ppb, 0.75 ppb and 1.09 ppb for dissolved, particulate and total cobalt, respectively. The local distribution was similar to cadmium. Also cobalt levels in water were higher than world Ocean water concentration.
3-Chromium in water showed annual mean concentrations of 0.11 ppb, 1.10 ppb and 1.20 ppb for dissolved, particulate and total chromium, respectively.
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The high local concentration was found at site IV that is close to Suez Petroleum Company. These levels were higher than those of the world Ocean water.
4-Copper in water showed annual mean concentrations of 0.97 ppb, 0.78 ppb and 1.56 ppb for dissolved, particulate and total copper, respectively. These levels are considered higher than the compared studies. Site I showed the lowest dissolved and total copper average concentrations as it located away from drainage sources.
5- Iron in water showed annual mean concentrations of 9.24 ppb, 69.91 ppb and 79.15 ppb for dissolved, particulate and total iron, respectively. These levels were higher than the other compared studies concentrations. Site VI showed the highest particulate iron concentrations in water due to industrial wastes and the high total suspended matter while highest dissolved iron was found at site I.
6- Manganese in water showed annual mean concentrations of 0.17 ppb, 3.80 ppb and 3.97 ppb for dissolved, particulate and total manganese, respectively. Sites I and VIII recorded manganese concentrations in water higher than other sites due to wind transported terrestrial dust.
7- Nickel in water showed annual mean concentrations of 0.96 ppb, 1.10 ppb and 2.06 ppb for dissolved, particulate and total chromium, respectively. These levels were close to the World Ocean levels. The high local concentration was found at site IV, which is close to Suez Petroleum Company.
8- Lead in water showed annual mean concentrations of 1.10 ppb, 2.09 ppb and 3.18 ppb for dissolved, particulate and total lead, respectively. Lead in this area was higher than the other studies because it is considered parking area for Suez Canal crossing ships. The highest dissolved and total concentrations were recorded at site I. The highest particulate lead concentration was found at site VIII.
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9- Zinc in water recorded annual mean concentrations of 20.76 ppb, 258.54 ppb and 279.30 ppb for dissolved, particulate and total zinc, respectively. Site VII showed the highest particulate and total concentrations due to the antifauling paints. Site I recorded the highest dissolved concentration.
IV- Trace elements in sediments:
1-Cadmium in sediments recorded total annual concentration of 5.67 ppm with high levels at sites V and VI and low at site I. These concentrations were much higher than cadmium standard limit concentration for unpolluted sediments.
2- Cobalt in sediments recorded total annual concentration of 8.62 ppm with the highest average of 21.41 ppm at site VI and the lowest of 15.24 ppm at site I. These levels were close to cobalt standard limit concentration for unpolluted sediments.
3- Chromium in sediments showed total annual concentration of 19.55 ppm with the highest average of 25.42 ppm at site VI and the lowest of 12.86 ppm at site VIII. These levels were much lower than chromium standard limit concentration for unpolluted sediments.
4- Copper in sediments showed total annual concentration of 8.79 ppm with the highest average of 10.45 ppm at site II and the lowest of 3.51 ppm at site VIII. These levels were much lower than copper standard limit concentration for unpolluted sediments.
5-Iron in sediments showed total annual concentration of 2390.80 ppm with the highest average of 2576.30 ppm at site II and the lowest of 2168 ppm at site IV and V. these concentrations were lower than most compared studies.
6- Manganese in sediments showed total annual concentration of 73.85 ppm with the highest average of 95 ppm at sites VI and VIII and the lowest of 53.73 ppm at site IV. These levels were much lower than manganese standard limit concentration for unpolluted sediments.
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7- Nickel in sediments showed total annual concentration of 28.46 ppm with the highest average of 47.14 ppm at site VI and the lowest of 20.74 ppm at site I. These levels were lower than nickel standard limit concentration for unpolluted sediments.
8- Lead in sediments showed total annual concentration of 29.75 ppm with the highest average of 35.27 ppm at site VI and the lowest of 22.64 ppm at site I. These levels were higher than lead standard limit concentration for unpolluted sediments.
9- Zinc in sediments showed total annual concentration of 22.77 ppm with the highest average of 35.36 ppm at site VI and the lowest of 16.88 ppm at site I. These levels were lower than zinc standard limit concentration for unpolluted sediments.
It could be concluded that sediments were highly polluted with cadmium and in a less degree with cobalt and lead. Site VI showed the highest pollution load index (PLI) while the lowest was at sites I and VIII. Trace elements in sediments were divided into two groups, the first included Cr, Ni, Pb, Co and Cd while the second included Cu, Zn and Fe. Generally sediment in spring and summer seasons showed lower metal concentrations than autumn and winter seasons.
V- Trace elements in seaweeds:
Thirty-seven algal species were recorded in this study. Trace elements were measured in 24 genera; 8 of Chlorophyta, 9 of Phaeophyta and 7 of Rhodophyta.
1- Cadmium showed the highest concentration of 10.93 ppm and the maximum concentration factor of 50 × 103 in the calcareous Chlorophyta species Halimeda tuna. Then the calcareous Rhodophyta species Galaxaura spp. showed 5.42 ppm, Liagora farinosa 5.18 ppm and Jania spp. 4.98 ppm with a concentration factor of 24.5 × 103. Finally, the Phaeophyta species Padina
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pavonica showed concentration of 4.22 and Dictyota spp. 3.67 ppm with a concentration factor that reached to 19.5 × 103.
2- Cobalt showed high concentrations of 10.84 ppm, 10.42 ppm and 10.00 ppm in the calcareous Rhodophyta species Galaxura spp., Jania spp. and Liagora farinosa, respectively with a maximum concentration factor that reached 30.2 × 103. Then the calcareous Chlorophyta species Halimeda tuna recorded 10.40 ppm and Cladophoropsis zollingeri 7.48 ppm with a maximum concentration factor of 30 × 103 and. Finally, the Phaeophyta species Padina pavonica, Hydroclathrus clathratus and Colpomenia sinousa recorded 6.86 ppm, 5.78 ppm and 5.60 ppm, respectively with a maximum concentration factor of 19.5 × 103.
3- Chromium showed the highest levels in the Chlorophyta species Cladophoropsis zollingeri, Cladophora spp. and Enteromorpha spp. of 9.02 ppm, 7.92 ppm and 4.98 ppm, respectively with a maximum concentration factor of 259 × 103. Those were followed by the Rhodophyta species Chondria seticulata and Galaxaura spp. showing concentrations of 5.34 ppm and 4.93 ppm, respectively. Finally the Phaeophyta species showed low levels with the highest of 4.46 ppm in Colpomenia sinousa with a concentration factor of 40.9 × 103.
4- Copper showed the highest levels in the Chlorophyta species Cladophora spp., Cladophoropsis zollingeri, Enteromorpha spp. and Ulva sp. of 10.36 ppm, 10.17 ppm, 8.41 ppm and 7.16 ppm respectively with a maximum concentration factor of 11.5 × 103. The Rhodophyta species were in the second order showing concentrations of 9.07 ppm, 7.58 ppm and 7.05 ppm for Galaxaura spp., Hypnea ssp. and Acanthophora najadiformis, respectively with a maximum concentration factor of 9.7 × 103. Finally, the Phaeophyta species, especially the Dictyotales Stypopodium zonale and Dictyota ssp. showing the levels of 9.04 ppm and 6.67 ppm with a maximum concentration factor of 11.3 × 103.
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5- Iron showed the highest level of 1528.89 ppm in the Chlorophyta species Cladophoropsis zollingeri with a maximum concentration factor of 17.1 × 104. The Phaeophyta species Colpomenia sinousa was in the second order showing 1439.50 ppm with a concentration factor of 15.9 × 104. Finally, the Rhodophyta species Chondria seticulata showed 1319.20 ppm, while Acanthophora najadiformis showed the maximum concentration factor of 14.9 × 104.
6- Manganese showed the highest level of 64.65 ppm and 42.32 ppm in the Chlorophyta species Cladophoropsis zollingeri and Cladophora spp., respectively with a maximum concentration factor of 39.1 × 104. Those concentrations were close the Phaeophyta species that showed 62.04 ppm, 61.55 ppm 44.22 ppm and 43.05 ppm in Padina pavonica, Hydroclathrus clathratus, Stypopodium zonale and Colpomenia sinousa, respectively with high concentration factor of 35.9 × 104. Finally, the Rhodophyta species Galaxaura spp., Jania spp., Laurancia papillosa and Acanthophora najadiformis showed 58.95 ppm, 56.28 ppm, 48.01 ppm and 44.47 ppm, respectively. The concentration factors reached to 28.7 × 104.
7- Nickel showed the highest concentration of 16.62 ppm in the Phaephyta species Padina pavonica with a mximum concentration factor of 22.8 × 103. This was followed by the Rhodophyta species Galaxaura spp., Jania spp. and Liagora farinosa showing 14.50 ppm, 13.41 ppm and 12.79 ppm, respectively with a maximum concentration factor of 14.5 × 103. Finally, the Chlorophyta species Halimeda tuna and Cladophoropsis zollingeri showed the levels of 13.98 ppm and 12.73 ppm with a maximum concentration factor of 18.1 × 103.
8- Lead showed the highest levels of 50.25 ppm, 43.25 ppm and 40.93 ppm in the calcareous Rhodophyta species Jania spp., Liagora farinosa and Galaxaura spp., respectively with a maximum concentration factor of 6.5 × 103. The Chlorophyta species Halimeda tuna and Cladophoropsis zollingeri
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were in the second order showing 43.72 ppm and 37.29 ppm, respectively with a maximum concentration factor of 6.3 × 103. Finally, the Phaeophyta species Padina pavonica and Colpomenia sinousa showed 29.68 ppm and 28.82 ppm, respectively with a maximum concentration factor of 3.6 × 103.
9- Zinc showed the highest concentration of 69.42 ppm in the Phaephyte Padina pavonica with a maximum concentration factor of 3.1 × 103. This was followed by the Rhodophyta species Chondria seticulata showing 68.37 ppm and a maximum concentration factor of 2.9 × 103. Finally, the Chorophyta species Cladophoropsis zollingeri showed the level of 65.96 ppm and the concentration factor of 3.3 × 103.