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Abstract
Avian influenza (AI) strain (H5N1) outbreaks with very high mortality in twenty four (24) broiler flocks in Egypt provinces representing ( 8 outbreaks from broiler flock in El-Behira, 6 outbreaks from broiler flock in El-Garbia, 5 outbreaks from broiler flock in Kafer El-Sheikh, and 5 outbreaks from broiler flock in Alexandria ) were subjected to laboratory investigations in order to detect Enterobacteria associated with Avian influenza virus (AI) outbreaks in broiler flocks.
Samples were collected from heart blood and liver of living birds for bacteriological examination. The samples for viral isolation were inoculated into specific pathogen free (SPF) embryonated chicken eggs (9-11 days old) via the allantoic sac route. The allantoic fluids (AF) were harvested 36 hours post incubation and were tested by using Haemagglutination (HA) test, Haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test, Agar gel precipitation test (AGPT) and Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR).
There was difference in mortality rate and mortality percent among 24 different broiler breed flocks as it was very high in non vaccinated which ranged between 8.96 % to 33.01% .
So mortality percent is very high in non vaccinated groups, followed by groups vaccinated by heterologous neuraminidase vaccines (H5N2) followed by groups vaccinated by homologous neuraminidase vaccines (H5N1).
Twenty isolates out of twenty four (20 ⁄ 24) which represent 83.33% of examined outbreaks having hemagglutination-inhibition titer by using avian influenza (AI) common type A antibodies ranging from 24 to28 .
Isolates number 5, 8, 16 and 19 (4 ⁄ 24) which represent 16.67 % of examined outbreaks were hemagglutinating viruses other than avian influenza virus (AIV) as this four isolates have the same clinical signs and postmortem lesions as avian influenza virus (AIV) which may lead to miss diagnosis with avian influenza virus (AIV) in the field. They might be Newcastle viruses.
Enterobacteria isolates (Escherichia coli and Salmonella) were determined by using a specific media for isolation and identification. The results of bacterial isolates were confirmed by biochemical test and serological identification.
A total of 16 samples out of 20 (16 ⁄ 20) (represented 80 %) examined samples from broiler flocks associated with Avian influenza virus outbreaks proved to be E.coli while a total of 4 samples(4 ⁄ 20) (represented 20 %) proved to be Salmonella enteritidis.
We can thus conclude that virological diagnosis for influenza and bacteriological examination for enterobacteria associated with Avian influenza virus (AI) outbreaks in four governments ( El-Behira, El-Garbia, Kafer El-Sheikh, and Alexandria) has value for epidemiological investigations, infection control and control secondary bacterial infections.
Special attention to enterobacteriaceae associated with avian influenza virus (AIV) as these bacteria can increase mortality rate, morbidity rate, clinical signs and postmortem lesions that lead to great economic losses in the poultry industry.