الفهرس 
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Abstract
FR has become now a firmly established method not only of diagnosing and documenting fundus diseases but also as a valuable research tool.
Over the past 20 years, FA has demonstrated its value in the diagnosis and management of most diseases of the retinal vessels and choroidal vessels, including diabetic retinopathy, aging macular degeneration and venous occlusive disorders. FA has become so important for diagnostic purposes and for laser management (Patz et aL, 1986).
In general, PA is useful in detecting:
(1) Abnormalities of blood flow to or within the choroid, optic nerve head, retina and
(2) Lesions that alter the normal pattern of fundus fluorescence (Gass,,
1987).
In evaluating diseases of’ The macui,, FA can be of value in
detecting:
(1) Alteration in blood flow.
(2) Alteration in permeability of retinal blood vessels.
(3) Alteration in retinal vascular pattern.
(4) Alteration in the density of the pigment epithelium.
(5) Other changes affecting the angiographic pattern in this area.
(Gass, 1987).