الفهرس 
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Abstract
Organophosphorus pesticides such as chlorpyrifos are substances used worldwide for agricultural purposes. CPF induce oxidative stress leading to the generation of free radicals which play an important role in lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation.
In the current study, we evaluated the protective role and the antioxidant effect of wheat germ oil, grape seed oil, and avemar against the oxidative stress and the histological changes resulting from the administration of CPF in rats.
Wheat germ oil is a vitamin E very important lipophilic antioxidant in plasma and tissue; it protects the cellular components against peroxidative damage via the free radical scavenging mechanism.
Grape seed oil has gained considerable attention due to their wide range of biological and pharmacological properties.
Avemar, a product of industrial fermentation of wheat germ with a standardized content of benzoqunione and plant flavonoids, has been tested as an anti-cancer and immunomodulatory dietary supplement proposed mechanism include anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory action.
Throughout this study a total number of 72 rats were subjected to experimentation for 4 weeks and divided into 9groups. The experimental groups were divided as follows:
Group (1) received normal balanced diet (BD) (control).
Group (2) received BD+ CPF at low dose (25 mg/kg diet).
Group (3) received BD+ CPF at high dose (50 mg/kg diet).
Group (4) received BD+ CPF at low dose with wheat germ oil (200 mg/kg diet).
Group (5) received BD+ CPF at high dose with wheat germ oil (200 mg/kg diet).
Group (6) received BD+ CPF at low dose with grape seed oil (200 mg/kg diet).
Group (7) received BD+ CPF at high dose with grape seed oil (200 mg/kg diet).
Group (8) received BD+ CPF at low dose with avemar (3 g/kg diet).
Group (9) received BD+ CPF at high dose with avemar (3 g/kg diet).
The following biochemical parameters were determined:
1-During the conditioning period and throughout the experiment, animals were weighed weekly and feed efficiency ratio, relative organs weight were calculated.
2-Haematological measurements (erythrocytes count, leukocytes count, platelets count, hemoglobin and hematocrit measurements and erythrocyte indices as mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration).
3-Some liver function tests including, liver enzymes activities as serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartat aminotransferase, gamma glutamyltransferase, also the tests included serum total proteins, albumine and globulins concentration.
4-Some kidney function tests including serum creatinine and urea.
5-Lipid peroxidation product as serum malondialdehyde content.
6-Enzymatic antioxidant as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathion-s-transferase.
7-Lipid profile as total lipids, total cholesterol, triacylglycerols, HDL-C, LDL-C, VLDL-C, and LDL/HDL ratio.
8-Histological examination of liver sections for the experimental groups.
The present study showed that:
1-The biological evaluation indicated that in general values of food intake of control rats exceeded the values of corresponding treated groups with CPF, also the values of final body weight gain affected for far on FER that appeared as marked significantly decrease in CPF treated groups. While the treatment rats with wheat germ, grape seed oils, avemar exceed the values to reach to control limits.
2-The haematological evaluation for blood cellular fraction RBC’c, WBC’c and platelets while the RBC’c indices as constants relating to size or to hemoglobin content were also measured as MCV, MCH as well as MCHC. There are reduction in RBC’s, WBC’s, platelets, hemoglobin and hematocrit, while it is clear from the results that the groups that treated with wheat germ, grape seed oils and avemar leads to the improvement in the decrement that happened by CPF.
3-CPF induced liver injury which reflected in the significant increase of serum ALT, AST, ALP, γGT, the increment percentage reached 106.42%, 71.57%, 125.82% and 73.48% in low dose CPF group, while 157.24%, 106.95%, 159.76% and 187.87% in high dose CPF group. The decrement in serum activities was more evident in those groups that treated with avemar plus CPF, so the percentage of change in serum activities of ALT, AST, ALP and γGT was 16.44%, 10.07%, 24.95% and 0.38% respectively.
4-Serum total proteins, albumin, globulin and A/G ratio decreased in G2 and G3 when compared with control, while the improvement were found in groups that received avemar then wheat germ oil then grape seed oil when compared with control.
5-CPF caused a significant increase in serum creatinine, urea the increment reached 211.39% and 104.29% respectively for high dose of CPF received rats as compared to control rats. The treatment with avemar, wheat germ oil, grape seed oil at the tested doses significantly reduce serum creatinine by 27.84%, 22.78% and 15.19% for G6, G8 and G4 respectively.
6-CPF induced oxidative stress which is reflected in the significant increase in the value of MDA by 101.88% for low dose CPF group and 161.65% for high dose CPF group, the reduction percentage was found in avemar receiving groups and also the other groups.
7-In addition there were significant decrease in antioxidant enzyme activities as SOD, catalase and GST the reduction percentage were -39.34%, -33.38%and -27.96% for low dose administrated group of CPF and -41.00%, -53.19%¬, -53.17% for high dose administrated group of CPF. Treatment with avemar, wheat germ oil then grape seed oil were significantly increase the percentage and improved antioxidative enzyme activities.
8-Concerning the values of lipid profile measurement, it is clear that low and high dose received CPF rats induce a significant increase in the level of serum total lipid, total cholesterol and triacylglycerols, also this reflects an increment in the level LDL-C, VLDL-C and LDL/HDL ratio. While wheat germ oil and avemar supplementation reduced the serum LDL-C, VLDL-C and LDL/HDL ratio and increased serum HDL-C.
9-Histological examination of liver sections of rats that toxicated with CPF at low and high doses showed fatty changes, displacement of nuclei, focal necrosis with inflammatory infiltration was found and also congestion of the portal area that showed in some rats. While treatment with WGO, GSO and avemar diets showed few fatty vacuoles in the hepatocytes and the liver appear more or less like control.