الفهرس 
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Abstract
Summary
Soil is home to many micro-organisms which estimate stating that 25% of the earth’s species find their home in the soil.
Soil contains micro-organisms which are capable of causing diseases in human. They act either as opportunistic pathogens to susceptible individuals such as those who are immuno-compromised or as obligate pathogens which must infect human in order to complete their life-cycles. These organisms may be capable of surviving within the soil for extended periods of time before infecting human who come into contact with contaminated soil. Most soils are made up of a combination of the three basic types of soil; sand, silt and clay. STPs include soil-transmitted helminthiasis (STHs), also known as intestinal worm infection, which is the most common type of parasitic infection in the world. Infection is caused by four main species of worms commonly known as roundworms as Ascaris lumbricoides, whipworms (Trichuris trichiura) and hookworms (Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus).
STHs primarily affect the world’s deprived populations. The disease has major health and socio-economic importance, and constitutes major public health problem in developing countries.
The aim of the current study was to determine the relation between prevalence of intestinal parasites and soil transmitted parasites infections among households in Shiblanga village representing rural area and Benha city representing urban area of Qaulyiobia Governorate.
The study also aimed to explore the effect of soil’s type on the intensity of parasites and provide guidance on the prevention and control of soil transmitted parasitic infections for further studies.
To fulfill these aims, 200 soil samples of different types (sandy, clay and loamy) and 200 stool samples were collected from Shiblanga representing rural area of Qaulyiobia Governorate and Benha city representing urban area of the same Governorate along the period of study (October 2010- July 2011). One Hundred soil samples were collected from each locality. The type of soil in each sample was determined and then each soil sample was examined using sedimentation and flotation concentration techniques to detect various parastic stages including; eggs, larvae, cysts, oocysts and spores. Modified Baermann’s technique was also used to isolate nematode larvae from soil samples. Bereles techniques was used to isolate mites. Hoyer’s media was used in clearing and mounting of the detected mites. In addition 100 stool samples were collected from housholdes in each locality. Then each stool sample was examined using direct smear and sedimentation concentration techniques to detect various helminthic eggs and Modified Ziel Neelsen to detect coccidia cysts and oocysts.
In the present work 86 soil samples out of 200 samples collected from Shiblanga village and Benha city through out a period of (October 2011 – July 2012) were found to be contaminated with different types of the parasites .The prevalence rate of soil contamination with different parasites was 43% and arthropods represent 71.5% (all the detected arthropods were found to be free living mites) . Soil samples obtained from Shiblanga village revealed higher level of parasitic contamination (helminthes and protozoa) ( 56%) and arthropods (83%) while Benha city showed a contamination level of different parasites (helminthes and protozoa) (30%) and arthropods (60%). The difference in the contamination level was found to be statistically significant. Out of 200 soil samples examined, soil samples with pure helminthes were (89.5%), pure protozoa were (3.4%) and mixed infections were (6.9%) and 143 samples showed contamination with arthropods. However, the contamination of the samples was in a mixed pattern in most of the samples .
It was found that the most common parasites detected in soil were nematoda larvae then Toxocara spp eggs then Ancylostoma duodenale eggs then Ascaris lumbricoides eggs. The most common nematoda larva present in soil was Ancylostoma braziliense. The most common protozoa present in soil was Entamoeba histolytica cyst.
Concerning the type of soil, clay soil was the most contaminated type of soil with helminthes .The number of soil samples contaminated with pure helminthes (50.5%) , with pure protozoa (2%) and mixed infections ( 3%) . The difference in the contamination level was found to be statistically significant.
Concerning the stool samples of housholdes, it was found that the prevalence of parasitic infection among households in Qaulyiobia Governorate was 30.5%. It was found to be contaminanted with Hymenolepis nana eggs in 6 stool samples (3%) , Ascaris eggs were detected in 9 stool samples (4.5%), Entrobius eggs were detected in 3 stool samples (1.5%) , Ancylostoma eggs were detected in 6 stool samples (3%) , Entamoeba histolytica cysts were detected in 31 stool samples (15.5%) , Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in 3 stool samples (1.5%) , Blastocyst cysts were detected in 2 stool samples (1%), Isospora oocysts were detected in one stool sample (0.5%).
There was no difference in gender in parasitic infection. The age group (2-19y) was the most common group infected by parasites (59%).
In the present study , parasitic infections were recorded among households of 10 houses out of 50 houses ;8 houses in Shiblinga village and 2 houses in Benha city had the same parasites in the soil and in stool of the households as Ancylostoma duodenale ova were detected in the soil of 4 houses that had the same parasite in the stool of their households; The four houses were found in Shiblinga village , Ascaris lumbricoides eggs were detected in 4 houses that had the same parasite in the stool of their households; 2 houses in Benha city and 2 houses in Shiblinga village and Entamoeba histolytica cysts were detected in 2 houses that had the same parasite in the stool of their households ; The two houses were found in Shiblinga village .
Also in the present study, preventive measures against STPs, were directed towards households; the infectd households were advised by the drug of choice and health education by advising them to avoid contamination with soil , proper washing there hands before eating and using the latrines, proper washing the vegetables before consumption and prohibition of the use of night soil or human feces as fertilizers except after thermal and chemical treatment.