الفهرس 
Basic concepts of graphsOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 165 |  |  |
| | | from | 165 | | |
Abstract
For a long time, most mathematicians and engineers believed that topology is an abstract mathematical branch which is far from application fields. But now this assertion is not acceptable because of the wide range of topological applications. Topology developed as a field of study out of geometry and set theory, through analysis of such concepts as space, dimension, and transformation.Applications of topology are different from applications of other areas of mathematics. The utility of topology comes from its ability to categorize and count objects using qualitative “approximate” information as opposed to exact values. Our primary criteria in choosing applications is to look for questions from outside of topology whose solution involved topology and would have been either significantly more difficult or impossible without topology.