الفهرس 
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Abstract
ardiovascular disease affects men and women differently. women are more likely to have heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) 261. Population-based studies consistently demonstrate a female predominance in HFpEF, particularly among the elderly, yet the causes for this unequal distribution of the sexes in HFpEF remain unclear. 267
In the present study we examined 219 healthy male and 188 healthy female, aged 18y–60 years, with standard echocardiography and tissue Doppler imaging.
We divided the subjects into 4 groups based on their age: (18y- 29y), (30y – 39y), (40y -49y), and ((50y -59y). For each patient a full history was taken with general examination and ECG was done then transthoracic Echocardiography, the following measurements were taken, systolic function assessed by; LV internal dimensions, Ejection fraction, Fractional shortening.
Diastolic function assessed by: Mitral inflow early diastolic velocity (E), late diastolic velocity (A) and E/A assessed by applying pulsed wave Doppler, Deceleration time of early mitral inflow, with the use of tissue Doppler imaging early (E`) and late (A`) diastolic annular velocities as well as systolic annular velocity (S`) were measured. Also E/Ea was calculated.
E and E/A decreased with advancing age among normal
subjects and there was significant increase in female than males in the ٤ studied Groups as regard the E wave, while A and DT
increased with advancing age, As regard A wave there was
significant increase in female more than males in Group ١ and Group ٤ only. DT had significant increase in males than females in Group II, III.
As regard E/A ratio there was no significant difference
between males and females.
As regard tissue Doppler imaging measurements (E`)
decreased with age, (A`) increased with age and (S`) decreased
with age. All velocities have no significant gender differences in the ٤ age Groups.
E/E` ratio increased with advancing age and showed
significant increase in females older than ٥٠y (Group IV) than males of the same group.
We found that (ESD) and end diastolic diameter (EDD)
increased with advancing age. And also (FS) and Lt. Atrial
dimension increased with advancing age.
As regard to gender differences, males Group I, IV had significantly higher ESD than females of the same groups and
higher EDD in younger males Group I than females of the same group. Females older than ٥٠y had significantly higher FS than males of the same group, while males above ٤٠y had significantly
higher Lt. Atrial size than females of the same group.
There are gender differences in LV diastolic function in
healthy subjects. Older females above ٥٠y had more diastolic dysfunction than males above ٥٠y.