الفهرس 
chapter 1Only 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
In modern structures, using composite sections (steel and concrete) either steel encased in concrete or concrete filled steel tubes become increasingly popular in structural applications like high-rise buildings, bridges, large industrial workshops extra so for.
Composite members have better structural performance than that of bare steel or reinforced concrete ones because they have both of reinforced concrete advantages (like low material coast, good fire resistance and easy to place) and that of steel ( like high ductility, high strength-to-weight ratio, stiffness-to-weight ratio and fabric quickness). Composite columns can provide an effective solution to many of the problems found in practical design. In application where a column is exposed, many architects like the use of concrete in fire and corrosion protection, as well as for the final exposed surface. In these situations, the engineer may take advantage of additional load-carrying capacity for both vertical and lateral loads, as well as the additional stiffness that is available.