الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 95 |  |  |
| | | from | 95 | | |
Abstract
Two field experiments were carried out during the summer season of
2011 and 2012 at the Experimental Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture,
Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom to study the effect of irrigation
regimes and irrigation with magnetic or non-magnetic water, along with
their interactions on growth, relative water content, chemical composition,
podsquality, as well as, yield and its components. The design of this
experiment was split plot design with three replicates.
1. Water regimes were applied where the as plants were irrigated by 20,
30, 40, 50 and 60% of the field capacity.
2. Irrigation with magnetic water and irrigation withnon- magnetic one.
3. The interactions effect between water regimes and magnetic or nonmagnetic
water were alsostudied.
The results of this experiment can be summarized as follows:
1.Soil salinity.
Data show clearly that soil salinity, measured as EC (dsm-1) after
harvesting, was decreased at different soil depths with irrigation bean plants
by magnetized water. So, all values of relative changes of EC as a precent of
original soil EC values were negative and were more negatively with
magnetized water.
Soil salinity measured as EC(dsm-1) was also strongly influenced
by soil moisture regimes. Thus, increasing soil moisture up to the maximum
level, i.e., 60% of the field capacitycaused a little decrease of soil EC
(dsm1). Little decrease of soil EC (dsm1) was induced with the increase of
soil moisture content.
2. Available N,P and K.
In all soil depths, irrigation bean plants using magnetic water
resulted in a clear increase of soil content of available N,P and K, where the
high increase was found in the top soil layer.Irrigation regimes resulted in an increase of soil available N,P and
k contents (mg/Kg-1 ) in all soil layers. The high contents of available N,P
and K were found in the surface layers (0-15 and 15-30 cm) when bean
plants were irrigated at 60% of the field capacity. Increasing soil moisture
up to the maximum level, i.e., 60% of the field capacity increased N,P and K
contents.
3.Vegetative growth characters.
Plant height, number of leaves and leaf area (cm2/plant) in bean plants
were influenced by magnetic water application. The obtained data reported
that a significant increase in plant height, number of leaves and leaf
area/plant when bean plants were irrigated by magnetic water compared
with non-magnetic one. Significant increase were found also in root fresh
and dry weight and total plant fresh and dry weights as a result of irrigation
with magnetic water. The calculation values of total and individualfresh and
dry weights show variations for these parameters to the magnetized or nonmagnetized
water in the two growing seasons.
Plant height, number of leaves, leaf area (cm2/plant), root fresh and
dry weights as well as whole plant fresh and dry weights of bean plants were
increased with increasing soil moisture. Thus, application of 60% of soil
moisture content gave the highest growth parameters of bean
plants.Meanwhile, decreasing soil moisture to 20% of the field capacity
achieved the lowest values of plant growth characters, in both seasons.
Plant growth characters,i.e., plant height, number of leaves, leaf area,
root fresh and dry weights and total plant fresh and dry weight were
significantly affected by the interactions between magnetic water and
irrigation regimes. The highest values of all plant growth parameters were
obtainedwhen bean plants were irrigated by magnetic water under the
highest level of soil moisture i.e., 60% of the field capacity and the lowest
values in this respect were found due to the interactions between nonmagnetic water irrigation and the low level of water regimes (20% of the
field capacity).
4.Growth analysis attributes.
Irrigation bean plants by magnetized water cause a significant effect
on growth analysis attributes i.e., leaf area index(LAI), relative growth rates
(RGR), and net assimilation rates (NAR). The previous charactersand
harvest index(HI) were significantly increased by irrigation plants with
magnetic water as compared with non-magnetic one.
In general, increasing soil moisture content up to the maximumlevel
of the field capacity (60% F.C) increased leaf area index, relative growth
rate, and net assimilation rate, in both growing seasons. Thus, the highest
values of LAI, RGR and NAR were obtained with irrigation bean plants at
60% of the field capacity, while irrigation at 20% of the field capacity
decreased LAI, RGR, and NAR rates.
The interactions between the two studied factorssignificantly affected
leaf area index (LAI), relative growth rate (RGR) and net assimilation rate
(NAR) and harvest index (HI). The highest values of LAI, RGR and NAR
were obtained under the combinations of irrigation plants by magnetic water
at the high level of soil moisture content (60% of the field capacity).
5.Plant chemical compositions.
5.1. Photosynthetic pigments (Chl.a, b and carotenoids):
The concentrations of photosynthetic pigments ,i.e.,chlorophyll a, b,
carotenoids and total chlorophyll in bean leaves showed a significant
increase when plants were irrigated with magnetic water as compared with
non-magnetic one.
Regarding the influence of irrigation regimes on the concentrations of
photosynthetic pigments,i.e. chlorophyll a,b, carotenoids and total
chlorophyll in the leaves, the results showed a significant variation due to
the different soil moisture contents.The concentration of photosynthetic pigments in leaves was
significantly affected by the combinations between magnetized water
treatment and soil moisture contents. The highest values of these parameters
were obtained when bean plants were irrigated by magnetic water at 20% of
the field capacity. Whereas, the lowest values in thisrespect were obtained
when plants were irrigated by ordinary water at 60% of the field capacity.
5.2. Sugars and total carbohydrates in plant leaves.
Irrigation plants by magnetic water significantlyincreased each of
total carbohydrates and total sugars content in the leaves as compared to
non- magnetic water.
With regard to the effect of different irrigation regimes on total
carbohydrates and total sugars, these biochemical components were
significantly increased by increasing irrigation levels up to the maximum
level of soil moisture i.e. irrigation at 60% of the field capacity. On the other
hand, the minimum irrigation level, i.e. 20% of the field capacity, produced
the lowest contents of total carbohydrates and total sugars in the leaves.
As to the interactions, the highest values of total carbohydrates and
total sugars content in bean leaves were obtained under the highest level of
water regimes i.e. irrigation plants at 60% of the field capacity with
magnetic water, whereasthe lowest values of these chemical contents were
achieved when bean plants were irrigated at 20% of the field capacity by
non- magnetic water.
5.3. The contents of macronutrients, nitrogen, phosphorus and
potassium percentages.
With respect to theconcentrations of N, P and K (%) contents and its
uptake (mg/plant), irrigation bean plants by magnetic water significantly
increased both contentsand uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.
Increasing soil moisture content from 20% of the field capacity to
60% caused a significant increase in the concentrations of N,P and K% inbean leaves. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake (mg/plant) of bean
plants were also responded to different irrigation regimes.
Respecting to the interactions effect,the concentrationsof N,P and K%
and their uptake (mg/plant) by bean plants were significantly affected by
irrigation plants with magnetic water under the different soil
content.Irrigation bean plants by magnetic water at 60% of the field capacity
gave the highest values of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium
concentrations in the leaves.However, the highest value of N,P and K uptake
(mg/plant) was obtained by irrigation plants with magnetic water at 50% of
the field capacity.
5.4. Protein content in bean dry seeds.
The crude protein in seed of plants which irrigated with magnetic
water was significantlyincreased compared with that found under irrigation
by non-magnetic water.
Increasing soil moisture content up to the highest level i.e.
irrigation at 60% of the field capacity increased the crude protein content in
bean dry seeds.
Respecting to the interactions effect, the highest values of crude
protein in dry seeds was 23.13 and 24.43% by irrigation beanplants with
magnetic water at 50 or 60% of the field capacity, in the first and the second
seasons, respectively. While the lowest values of crude protein content
(15.31 and 16.06%) in the frist and the second seasons, respectively were
found by irrigation plants with non-magnetized water at 20% of the field
capacity.
5.5. Relative total, bound and free water contents in leaves.
Irrigation plants with magnetic water increased total and free water
contents in leaves as compared to non-magnetic one.In addition, different levels of soil moisture, led to a significant
increase in each of total, bound and free water contents. The previous
characters were increased with increasing the amount of water supply.
Regarding to the interactions effect of water types and water irrigation
regimes on water contents in bean leaves, results revealed that the highest
values of total and free water were obtained due to the interactions of
irrigation bean plants by magnetic water at the highest level of water supply
i.e. 60% of the field capacity.
6. Flowering and fruit setting percentage:
Irrigation plant with magnetic water led to a significant increase in
number of flowers per plant and fruit setting percentage as compared with
irrigation by non- magnetic water.
Number of flowers per plant increased by increasing the levels of soil
water supply.
Number of flowers/plant and percentage of fruit setting were
significantly influenced by the interactions between irrigation by magnetic
and water regimes at 60% of the field capacity.
7. Yield of dry seeds and its components.
Number of pods/plant, seed yield per plant (gm/plant), weight of 100
dry seeds (gm) and total yield of dry seeds (Kg/ feddan) of bean were
significantly affected by irrigation with magnetic watercompared with
irrigation by non-magnetic water.
With regard to the effect of water regimes on number of pods/plant,
seeds yield/plant, weight of 100 seeds and total yield, data show that the
yield and its components gradually and significantlyincreased with
increasing water supply at 60% of the field capacity.
The interactions between the previous factors caused a significant
effect on number of pods/plant, seed yield per plant, weight of 100 seeds
and total yield/feddan.The highest value of number of pod/plant wasobtained by irrigation with magnetic water at 60% of the field capacity,
while irrigation plants at 20% of the field capacity by non- magnetic water
produced the lowest value in this character.However, the highest values of
weight of 100 seeds, yield/plant and total yield/feddan were obtained when
bean plants were irrigated by magnetic water at 50% of the field capacity as
compared with the other treatments. On the other hand, irrigation bean
plants by non-magnetic water at 20% of the field capacity gave the lowest
values of seed yield.
8. Water use efficiency.
Water use effiency was significantlyincreased by irrigation bean
plants with magnetic water compared with irrigation plants by nonmagnetic
water.
The greatest value of water use efficiency was obtained by irrigation
bean plants at 50% of the field capacity compared to irrigation at 20,30,40
and 60% of the field capacity.
The highest values of water use efficiency was obtained in plants
irrigated by magnetized water at 50% of the field capacity, while irrigation
plants by non- magnetic water at 20% of the field capacity achieved the
lowest value of water use efficiency