الفهرس | Only 14 pages are availabe for public view |
Abstract Drainage affects a host of biophysical soil properties and strongly influences crop growth and quality. Drainage systems improve tield operations, enhance growing conditions for crop production and increase crop yields on poorly drained soils. The main problems which lead to a perceived need to cover a drain are: to minimize the adverse impact of a polluted drain, especially close to residential area, need to use the land area occupied by the drain for an access road or some other use, poor soil stability leading to bank failure, and to protect them from pollution. The concrete pipes or box sections are used for drain covering, the study area has specifically in the East El-Sharkia which in the East Delta. In this study twenty drains covering are selected and redesign them as pipe type with under pressure, under gravity flow and box type from pipe type under pressure, under gravity flow by using Darcy, Hazen- WilIiams and Manning equations. Hydraulic and economic studies are done to evaluate these covering. The best alternative for each covering is chosen in the hydraulic point, the economic point and the both hydraulic and economic points. The new approach is suggested also for covering. This approach is constructing as a bridge which consists of two abutments from brick on plain concrete footing and reinforced concrete slab. There are holes at certain distance to carry out maintenance works. The slab, cap and abutment are designed according to load equal 20t, 30t, 60t and 70t lorry for spans I-Sm. Check of sliding, over-turning and stress are done for the abutment. Design curves are designed for Egypt area. These charts present the new approach design for covering. This approach is applied for two drains (El-Ahras and Kafer El-Nosiry). The economic study for this approach is dore also. |