الفهرس | يوجد فقط 14 صفحة متاحة للعرض العام |
المستخلص The study deals with a presentation of the handwritten text of the book ”The Principles of judgment in the Nations’ rules,” by the Ottoman writer ”Ibrahim Muteferrika” through translating it into Arabic and studying and investigating it with complete study. It also deals with the reference to the characteristics of the Ottoman Empire since its inception in 1299 AD / 699 AH, and until the early twelfth century AH / eighteenth century, and the most important aspects of weakness which it faced and was the cause and the factor of its collapse later in the early twentieth century. Then the study shows the conditions and the political situation of the Ottoman Empire in the early twelfth century / eighteenth century of Hegira Calendar, and the most important battles and war treaties, that signed in that period, and the characteristics of sultans’ eras who appointed the Administration of the Ottoman Empire Affairs at the time. The study also included glimpses of the life of the author of the book under study and his cultural background and his role in the introduction of the printing press to the Ottoman Empire for the first time in its history. The study relied on historical research methodology through extrapolation of events and reviewing the sources and depending on different Turkish, English and Arabic references. 2 The study was divided into the introduction and two sections; the introduction discusses the most important features of the Ottoman state since its inception, as well as the most important causes of vulnerability, which the Ottoman state faced.It was divided into internal and external causes, and it varied between the corruption of the central administration in the state, and the lack of political experience among some of the sultans, in addition to poor conditions of the Ottoman army and navy, and the deterioration of the financial situation and economic conditions in general. The continuous defeats, which the State incurred, was also one of the powerful factors that imposed a retarded situation between its surrounding countries. Then the introduction displays some reform attempts made by thinkers and Ottoman political leaders, among them was, ”Lutfi Pasha”, and ”Hassan Kafi Alaqahsari”, and ”Quggi Bey.” They wrote their reformatory ideas and submitted it to the sultans to contribute in presenting and solving the reasons for the state faltering. The first section of the study includes three chapters; as follows: 1. The first chapter titled ”The Conditions of the Ottoman Empire in the early eighteenth century / twelfth century of 3 Hegira Calendar.The study shows a presentation of the results of the defeats of the military which the Ottoman Empire suffered and the consequent unfair treaties to its right, and the most important facts and crises that happened in that important period of the Ottoman Empire history. 2. The second chapter titled ”Ibrahim Motafrqh, his early life, education, culture, and his role in the Ottoman Empire”; included a narration of Motafrqh’s European origin, and how he joined the Ottoman Empire, and his most important works, as well as his role in the establishment of the first printing press in Islamic history 3. The third chapter titled ”The Book of Principles of judgment in the Nations’ rules and its importance in the Ottoman thoughts.” The study discussed the book with analysis and explanation, and viewed the reformatory ideas of the author, which he tried to present it in order to be applied in the Ottoman military establishment with the help of the modern European ways - at that time- to contribute in the development of the Ottoman Army. The other part of the study included a translation of the book ”The Principles of judgment in the Nations’ rules” from the Ottoman Turkish language to the Arabic language and translating it by using translating texts approach. 4 The study concluded several results, including, for example: 1. The discontinuity of the Ottoman Empire to stick to its characteristics, which was one of its power features and glory, led to its weakness and the loss of much of its territory and influence, and this was clear in the early eighteenth century. 2. The importance of applying reformatory ideas advocated by its dedicated political leaders and thinkers in order to improve the status of the state if it was faced by weakness and collapse factors. 3. Ibrahim Motafrqh is the first Ottomans thinkers demanding the development of the Ottoman army by imitating the European armies advanced systems. 4. Ibrahim Motafrqh asked to pay attention to the geography science and drawing maps as they have a large impact on the foreign policy of the Ottoman Empire, as well as in its battles with enemies |