الفهرس 
Geological backgroundOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The Underwater acoustic instruments have been developed which can routinely provide inferences of seabed texture, grain size or habitat, Seafloor bathymetry and sunken archaeology while a vessel is underway. Acoustic seabed classification is possible using a wide range of acoustic imaging systems including multi beam echo-sounders, side scan sonar, single beam echo-sounders and QTC seabed classification system Single beam echo-sounder with QTC (Quester Tangent Corporation) has been used for a number of decades to measure bathymetry. More recently it has been used to measure the acoustic amplitude variations of the reflected pulse from the seafloor for seafloor classification where the intensity of reflection is a measure of the roughness and hardness of the seafloor. With the increase in positional accuracy through the use of DGPS, this method has found widespread acceptance as a method of remote acoustic mapping of marine habitats.