الفهرس 
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Abstract
Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is a common childhood kidney disease characterized by protein leakage from the blood to the urine through the glomeruli, resulting in proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hypercholesterolemia and generalized edema (Skálová et al., 2010).
The pediatric definition of NS is proteinuria greater than 40 mg/m2/hr or 50 mg/kg/day or a urine protein / creatinine ratio of more than 2.0 mg/mg, hypoalbuminemia of less than 2.5 g/dL, and the presence of edema and hyperlipidemia (Taal, 2011).
Oral corticosteroids form the cornerstone for management of most children with NS. The standard medication for treatment is prednisolone or prednisone. (Bagga et al., 2008).
A number of medication such as cyclophosphamide, vincristine, mycophenolate moeftil (MMF) and Cyclosporine A (CsA) has been used with varying results (Nikibakhsh et al., 2011).
Childhood NS is often steroid sensitive, usually with favorable long-term prognosis characterized by a relapsing course in 50-80% of cases (Fomina et al., 2011).
As nephrotic syndrome is characterized by relapsing courses, many of these children receive multiple and/or prolonged courses of systemic steroid. The two most common ocular complications associated with steroid therapy are posterior subcapsular cataract (PSCC) and raised intraocular pressure (IOP) in either one or both eyes (Olanan et al.,2009).
Our study was carried out on 66 children, they include 45 male and 21 female, they were divided into group 1 (patients group) which includes 33 children with nephrotic syndrome and they were subdivided into 3 subgroups (newly diagnosed nephrotic syndrome, steroid dependent nephrotic syndrome, steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome) and group 2 (control group) which include 33 apparently healthy children.
All children were subjected to detailed medical history (Age, Sex, Type of nephrotic syndrome [steroid sensitive, steroid dependent and steroid resistant], onset of the disease, duration of illness and treatment regimen [type, dose and duration]),detailed medical examination (pulse, temperature, respiratory rate ,blood pressure, weight, height or length and presence or absence of oedema). ophthalmological examination (best-corrected visual acuity [BCVA], intraocular pressure [IOP], Slit lamp and fundus examination),and laboratory investigations(CBC, Renal function tests, serum albumin level, serum cholesterol level, simple urine analysis, 24 hours protein in urine and A/C ratio).