الفهرس 
Anatomy of the KidneysOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
With an increasing number of renal tumors discovered incidentally in the general population and the uncertain clinical significance of small renal tumors, efforts have been directed toward the use of methods that are less invasive than radical nephrectomy for the treatment of small tumors.
Alternatives include nephron-sparing surgical resection, laparoscopic partial nephrectomy, laparoscopic cryoablation, percutaneous radiofrequency (RF) ablation, and percutaneous cryoablation. Although investigators have reported the successful treatment of solid renal tumors with percutaneous RF ablation.
Percutaneous management of solid renal tumors with radiofrequency ablation and cryoablation has been established as a technically feasible treatment in selected patients allowing for relatively short-term follow-up
Cryoablation is effective for treating RCC in certain patients, usually those with small (3 to 4 cm in diameter) peripherally located tumors.
Percutaneous thermal ablation is a minimally invasive procedure that has proven to be an effective and safe treatment for select patients with small renal tumors. As a result, the American Urological Association consensus guidelines now include percutaneous ablation as an acceptable treatment option for high-surgical-risk patients with T1a (≤ 4 cm) renal tumors.
Preoperative RAE facilitates nephrectomy through decreased operative blood loss, Ease of dissection secondary to the development of edema in tissue planes, and decreased operative time. For those patients with significant tumor thrombus) there might be a beneficial effect of decreasing the size or extent of tumor thrombus before surgery. Interestingly, there might also be an advantage in the form of immune modulation, whereby RAE-induced tumor necrosis stimulates a tumor-specific response.