الفهرس 
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Abstract
Background : Communication is multisensory, however the most common means of communication with young children is through spoken language as the second language often makes the dental procedure more acceptable to patients. Aim of this study : This study was conducted to study the effects of different modifications of second language on child’s behavior in the dental office. Materials and methods: This study was conducted on a total of 180 healthy Egyptian pediatric dental patients (90 boys and 90 girls) aged 4-6 years in the pediatric dental clinics of Faculty of Dentistry, Mansura University, Egypt. They comprised three equal groups of males and females for performing restorative or pulp therapy under local anesthesia using different word substitutes during the procedure.Each group was dealt with using a list of word substitutes for the different instruments and tools in two stages: Pre-operatory stage (before anesthesia) and operatory stage (after anesthesia and during the procedure). The child’s behavior was rated during the treatment session by using Frankle scale and Venham 6 point index. At the end of dental treatment, each child was asked to name each instrument and tool we showed to him /her during the procedures. All data were recorded in a specially designed sheet. Results : There was a clear positive correlation and agreement between a suitable second language and child’s behavior in all stages of dental treatment. The majority of children showed low stress and positive perception toward dental treatment. With respect to gender there was no significant difference between males and females in assessment of child’s behavior. Conclusion : The use of second language plays a major role in the interaction between the pediatric dentist and the child patient and the easier the word substitute, the better is the behavior of children in the dental clinic. There was a clear positive correlation and agreement between good suitable second language and child’s behavior in all stages of dental treatments.