الفهرس 
Anatomy
Evaluation of Tear Drainge System:Only 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Epiphora is tearing caused by a reduced tear transport or
defective tear drainage outflow, i.e., epiphora is a result of a failure of
tear drainage.
NLD Obstruction (NLDO) inhibits the flow of tears from the
eye to the nose, leading to symptoms of epiphora.
Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) has been established as the prevailing
procedure for acquired NLD obstruction.
Surgical treatment of dacryocystitis stretches back nearly 2000
years. Toti in 1904 published what is considered the first modern
description of External Dacryocystorhinostomy (EX-DCR). The
advantages of external DCR include high predictability and the direct
visualization of anatomy, which is highly relevant for sac tumours. This
technique facilitates accurate anastomosis between the lacrimal sac and
nasal mucosa. However, external DCR has some disadvantages, including
facial scarring, lacrimal pump dysfunction resulting from the
interruption of medial canthal anatomy and the orbicularis oculi
muscles, and limitations in acute dacryocystitis patients with abscess
formation.
The role of silicone intubation in routine Dacryocystorhinostomy
(DCR) surgery remains unclear. Recent studies
provide a higher level of evidence against intubation in DCR.
Intubation of the naso-lacrimal duct with silicone tubes has largely
arisen as a result of history, anecdote and the evolution of DCR surgery
rather than being based upon sound evidence. Based on current.