الفهرس 
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Abstract
Family Tiliaceae include about 50 genus and 700 species which are widespread across tropical and subtropical. The plants of this family are used as antidiabetic, antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, antidiarrhoeal, antiinflammatory and show analgesic effect.
Triumfetta is one of the most common tiliaceae genera which are distributed in Gebel Elba region in Egypt. Triumfetta flavescens Hochst is one of Triumfetta species which reported to exhibit antimicrobial, antioxidant, antitrypanosomal and antitumor activities.
The study of Triumfetta flavescens was aimed to study the active constituents of the plant growing in Egypt and to check out its biological activity. The study is divided into two main parts.
Part (Ι): Phytochemical study
Chapter Ι
Preliminary phytochemical screening
I- Preliminary phytochemical screening:
Preliminary phytochemical screening of flowering aerial parts of the plant revealed that it contain carbohydrates and/or glycosides, proteins and/or amino acids, sterols and/or triterpenes, tannins,
Summary
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flavonoids, alkaloids, saponin, cardiac glycosides, resins and coumarins. While, anthraquinones are absent.
II- Successive extraction with organic solvents and examination of the extracts:
The extraction was carried out using the following solvents: petroleum ether (B.P. 60-80˚C), chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol and methanol 50%and water. The percentage yield for each extract was determined. The highest percentage was methanol (8.36%) andthe lowest percentage was ethyl acetate (0.922%). Further chemical examination of these successive extracts also was carried out.
Chapter ΙΙ
Study of Amino Acid Content
Quantitative determination of total amino acids:
This was carried out using automatic amino acids analyzer and resulted in:
1- Proline was the highest amino acid found in the plant extract. Its relative percent in the flowering aerial parts were (11.70 %) followed by glutamic acid (11.34%) then aspartic acid (11.12%).
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2- Methionine was the minor one in the total amino acid extract of flowering aerial parts (0.14%).
Chapter ΙII
Study of carbohydrate content
Quantitative analysis by HPLC of free and combined sugars revealed that:
1. Investigation of the free sugars of triumfetta flavescens was achieved using High Performance Liquid chromatography (HPLC), which revealed the presence of sorbitol, glucoseamine, L-arabinose and D-xylose sugars as free sugars.
2. The separation of the hydrolyzed products of combined sugars of triumfetta flavescens was achieved using HPLC, which revealed the presence of sorbitol, L-arabinose, glucoseamine, dextrose and one unknown sugar.
3. The maximum percentage of free sugars was D-xylose (72.06 %).
4. The maximum percentage of hydrolyzed combined sugars was dextrose (69.83 %), followed by glucoseamine (16.91 %).
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Chapter ΙV
Study of lipid content
1- GC-MS analysis of unsaponifiable matters:
1. Data revealed the presence of twenty four saponifiable matters amounting to (100 %) and predominated by heneicosane (22.2%) with significant percentage.
2. β-sitosterol (29 carbons) has been identified at retention time 57.10 representing (0.35%) of the total unsaponifiable matters.
2- GC-MS analysis of saponifiable matters:
1. Data revealed the presence of fifteen unsaponifialbe compounds amounting to (100 %) and predominated by tridecane (85.49%) with significant percentage.
2. Two saturated fatty acids have been identified were palmitic acid (16 carbons) (0.54%) and myristic acid (14 carbons) (0.53%) of the total saponifiable matters.
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Chapter V
Study of phenolic compounds content
I- HPLC analysis of the phenolic compounds:
1- Kaempferol was detected in the alcholic extract. It was the highest concentration (34.73%).
2- Quarcetin and quinic acid were also detected in the alcoholic extract.
II- Extraction, Isolation and Identification of Phenolic compounds:
Six compounds were isolated and identified from 70% ethanol extract of Triumfetta flavescens. These compounds were identified as quercetin-7-O-rhamnoside, kaempferol 3-O-(p-coumaroylglucoside) (tiliroside), 6,4-dihydroxy-3-propen chalcone, I3,II8-biapigenin, β-sitosterol and stigmasterol.
These compounds were established on the basis of spectral analysis and isolated for the first time from this species.
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Part (ΙΙ): Biological study
Chapter І
In Vivo Biological Study
(1) Acute toxicity (LD50) test:
On studying the median lethal dose, it was found that the alcoholic extract of flowering aerial parts of Triumfetta flavescens is non toxic in doses up to 7000 mg/kg body weight. So, the plant under study seems to be safe.
(2) Diuretic activity
A dose of 500 mg kg-1 showed the best and significant diuretic effect, what could be associated tothe high content of flavonoids in the tested plant. In rats treated with 500 mg kg-1 body weight of the 70% ethanol extract, volume of urine was 3.73 ml which was comparable to that of standard group (frusemide, 10 mg kg-1) where the urine volume was 3.72 ml.
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Chapter ІІ
In Vitro Biological Study
(1) Antimicrobial activity:
1- The total ethanolic 70% extract showed antimicrobial activity against Klebsiella pneumonia.
2- The plant has no activity against MethicillinMethicillinMethicillin MethicillinMethicillin Methicillin Methicillin-Resistant Resistant Resistant Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus aureus and and Proteus vulgaris Proteus vulgaris Proteus vulgaris Proteus vulgaris .
(2) Anti- Helicobacter pylori activity:
1- The result revealed that the total 70% ethanol extract of triumfetta flavescens has anti- Helicobacter pylori activity.
2- The plant extract may be used in the treatment H. pylori infections which are responsible for the majority of ulcers in the stomach and small intestine.
(3) Cytotoxic Activity
The study of cytotoxic activity of the 70% ethanol extract on Ehrlich-ascites, breast,colon and liver carcinoma was carried out and the results were as follows:
The ethanol extract of Triumfetta flavescens exhibited the best activity against colon carcinoma cell line followed by liver and finally breast carcinoma cell line.