الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Ovarian cancer is considered the most common cause of death among gynecologic malignancies. The main reason of its high mortality is due to the lack of symptoms for early detection. Therefore, over 70% of patients with ovarian carcinoma were diagnosed in advanced-stage disease as International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage III or IV at their initial presentation, and cyto-reductive surgery remains a mainstay in management. Cyto-reductive surgery for ovarian cancer includes total abdominal hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, pelvic and para-aortic lymphadenectomy and omentectomy. Information obtained from the surgical specimen is useful for determining prognosis including histology, grade, and the extent of disease spread. However, given the imperfect predictive nature of these factors, additional markers are needed (Siegel et al. 2018).
Lymph node metastasis is a major biological characteristic of ovarian malignancies and is commonly seen in advanced stage ovarian cancer with an incidence of 67.2% in para-aortic and pelvic lymph node metastasis. For early stage ovarian cancer, lymph node metastasis is seen in 10% to 30% of the cases (Siegel et al. 2012).
Lymph node status is an important predictor of poor prognosis in patients with ovarian carcinoma. Patients with positive lymph node have a significantly shorter overall survival than node-negative patients. Moreover, recent investigations have shown that the absence of lymph node metastases is associated with lack of distant organ metastases, highlighting a critical role of lymph node metastasis in tumor dissemination (Hennessy et al. 2009).
Introduction