الفهرس 
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Abstract
The concept of single-file systems has been recently introduced. This concept requires only a single file for complete instrumentation for majority of root canals. The added advantages of these single-file systems include reduction in the working time, prevention of cross-contamination, cost saving and improved safety of the shaping procedures
Therefore, the current study was conducted to compare two single file-systems with reciprocal and rotational movements, regarding:
1) Cleanliness of primary molars’ root canal walls using scanning electron microscopy.
2) Clinical and radiographic outcomes of endodontically treated primary molars.
The results of this study revealed that, in all groups, completely cleaned root canals were not found. Moreover, One Shape® rotational single-file systems achieved the best results, followed in second place by WaveOne Gold® reciprocal single-files, while on average the stainless steel K-files brought about the highest percentage of failures.