الفهرس 
Etiology of CKD in childrenOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children is a growing global health problem, and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is an important and prominent complication of the disease. CKD is identified as an abnormality of kidney function, as determined by clinical, laboratory data and imaging tests as ultrasonography, which have been continued for at least 3 months. CKD take the place of “chronic renal failure” and “chronic renal insufficiency” as the globally undertaken terminology for persistent renal dysfunction ESRD constitutes the state in which a patient’s renal dysfunction has arrived to the point at which homeostasis and survival can no more be maintained with native kidney function or maximized medical management. At that time, renal replacement therapies (dialysis or renal transplantation) is essential. Hemodialysis is the most frequently chosen modality for renal replacement therapy in pediatric ESRD patients.