الفهرس 
ANATOMY OF THE KIDNEYSOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The kidneys are the most commonly injured genitourinary organ and the third most commonly injured organ in adults following blunt trauma. Nearly three-quarters of patients with renal trauma are male and young adults. The most common causes of renal trauma are blunt trauma with road traffic accident being the most common cause however penetrating and iatrogenic causes are in a continues increasing nowadays. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) is recommended in stable patients with renal trauma. In addition to a short The kidneys are the most commonly injured genitourinary organ and the third most commonly injured organ in adults following blunt trauma. Nearly three-quarters of patients with renal trauma are male and young adults. The most common causes of renal trauma are blunt trauma with road traffic accident being the most common cause however penetrating and iatrogenic causes are in a continues increasing nowadays. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) is recommended in stable patients with renal trauma. In addition to a short examination time, CT provides all the necessary information relating to the degree of parenchymal injury with or without involvement of PCS and renal vascular injuries. Also, CT can help in detection of active hemorrhage and urine leakage. Contrast-enhanced multidetector CT is diagnostic for pseudo aneurysms, arteriovenous fistula and active bleeding in the vast majority of cases, with angiography being performed therapeutically however these lesions not classified in the AAST classification of renal trauma. The most popular approach in renal grading is 1989 American Association for Surgery of Trauma (AAST) grading system composed of 5 grades (I–V) arranged in order of increasing severity according to the depth of injury, involvement of the renal vascularity and collecting system it correlates well with CT findings. the AAST proposed a revision of the original 1989 renal organ injury system in 2011 by adding segmental arterial or venous injury, laceration to the renal pelvis or pelviureteric junction and Shattered kidney to grade IV and grade V now includes only vascular injury (arterial or venous), i.e., laceration, avulsion or thrombosis.