الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
RA is a chronic inflammatory AID characterized by persistent inflammatory synovitis, usually involving peripheral joints in a symmetric distribution. During inflammation, activation of immune cells in the inflamed synovium results in over-expression of ROS in serum and synovial fluid of RA patients. Oxidative stress and inflammation contribute to the RA initiation and progression. BR has a powerful antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immune suppressive activities. BR has the ability to scavenge ROS, inhibit inflammatory cell proliferation, and induce apoptosis of inflammatory cells. In addition, the beneficial activities of BR include reduction of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, and down-regulation of the expression of MHC-II. The antioxidant capacity of BR is stronger than other antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid, catalase, and vitamin E. Lower serum concentrations of BR have been demonstrated in various chronic inflammatory diseases. SBR concentrations are lower in RA patients compared to controls and correlate with disease activity. However, to our knowledge, the role of SBR with RA has not been sufficiently investigated. This study aimed to evaluate the level of SBR in RA in relation to clinical manifestations and disease activity. This study included consecutive 60 RA patients and 30 matched control volunteers. A thorough history taking and thorough general examination were performed for all participants. Tender and swollen joint counts and disease activity were assessed for RA patients. RA patients completed the HAQ-DI. Blood samples were withdrawn from all participants for evaluation of ESR level, CRP, RF, anti-CCP, serum creatinine, liver enzyme levels and SBR. Bilateral plain radiography imaging for hand, wrist and foot were taken for all patients. Radiographic scoring was performed based on the modified the Sharp score.