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Abstract Mohamed Tawfiek Shaaban Hanaa Hassanein Morsi Mostafa Mohammed El-sheekh Nashwa Mokhtar Hassan Rizk Mohamed Tawfiek Shaaban Water is essential to sustain life, and availability of safe drinking water is very important. Ground water and surface water are the two main sources of drinking water in Egypt. Surface water and ground water are the two main sources of drinking water in Egypt. Although Egypt has the great Nile River, which is the main resource of water, Egypt depends on ground water as a secondary resource for drinking water. The International standards for drinking water demands that water recommended for human consumption must be free of organisms and of chemical substances in concentrations that may be a hazardous to health. In addition, drinking water should be pleasant to drink. Access to safe drinking water is a fundamental human need and therefore a basic human right. In the recent years, several experimental studies have been evaluated for treatment of surface water. The coagulation of water is to remove colloidal suspensions, both inorganic and organic compounds, which could be a good support for pathogens development, and presents a great threat to drinking water aspect. Aluminum sulfate is a well known chemical coagulant, being used in water and wastewater treatment as a preferred reagent as its low cost and high efficiency. Although aluminum is the most commonly used coagulant in the developing countries, studies have linked it to the development of neurological diseases (e.g. pre-senile dementia or Alzheimer’s disease) due to the presence of aluminum ions in the drinking water. Some studies on natural coagulants have been carried out and various natural coagulants were produced or extracted from microorganisms, animals or plants such Moringa oleifera seeds. Moringa oleifera seeds are also used as a primary coagulant in drinking water clarification and wastewater treatment due to the presence of a water-soluble cationic coagulant protein able to reduce turbidity of the water treated. The aim of this work was performing comparison between different sources of drinking water (surface and ground) before and after treatment in regard to microbiological and chemical status from two different regions in EL-Menoufia (Shebin El-kom and Menof cities). And also, evaluation an effective process of water treatment and comparing between two different coagulants, aluminum sulfate (chemical coagulant) and Moringa oleifera seeds extraction (natural coagulant) in treatment of surface water. In this study physical, chemical, and microbiological parameters of surface water and ground water in Shebin El-kom and Menof cities were evaluated to estimate the water quality for drinking water. Physical parameters included temperature, turbidity, total dissolved salts, conductivity while chemical parameter included pH, total hardness, calcium hardness, magnesium hardness, alkalinity, iron, manganese, chlorides, sulfate, phosphate, ammonia and nitrate. from the results of this study surface water was better than ground water in their physicochemical parameters, as it had fewer total dissolved salts, iron, manganese, calcium ions, magnesium ions, phosphates and chlorides than ground water. Also total hardness and alkalinity of surface water are less than ground water. Water temperature of Shebin El Kom and Menof surface water was ranged from 19.5°C to 30.3°C while in ground water, ranged from 19.5°C to 30.3°C. Turbidity was ranged from 7.3 NTU to 10.8 NTU while in ground water, ranged from 0.3 NTU to 2.3 NTU. TDS and conductivity were ranged from 215 ppm to 362 ppm, 332 to 581µS/cm, respectively while in ground water, ranged from 406 to 594 ppm, 652 µS /cm to 822 µS /cm, respectively. The range of pH of surface water was from 7.8 to 8.2 while in ground water, ranged from 7.6 to 8.0. The range of total hardness was from 120 ppm to 172 ppm while in ground water, was from 260 ppm to 370 ppm. Total alkalinity was ranged from 144 ppm to 180 ppm while in ground water, ranged from 250 ppm to 350 ppm. The range of chlorides of surface water was from 20 ppm to 50 ppm while in ground water, was from 45 ppm to 100 ppm. Iron was ranged from <0.01 ppm to 0.30 ppm in surface water while in ground water ranged from 0.27 ppm to 0.62 ppm. Manganese in surface water was ranged from <0.01 ppm to 0.21 ppm while in ground water ranged from 0.76 ppm to 1.75 ppm. The range of Sulfate in surface water was from 25 ppm to 50 ppm while in ground water, was from 28 ppm to 106 ppm. Phosphate was from <0.01 ppm to 0.12 ppm in surface water while in ground water, was from 0.28 ppm to 0.49 ppm. In surface water nitrate was ranged from 0.04 ppm to 0.44 ppm while in ground water ranged from 0.05 ppm to 0.20 ppm. Finally, ammonia in surface water was ranged from 0.15 ppm to 0.45 ppm while in ground water ranged from 0.21 ppm to 0.78 ppm. Bacteriological quality of water is usually indicated by certain parameters such total coliform as indicator of environmental pollution and fecal coliform indicator of fecal pollution. In addition to the use of fecal Streptococci as a parameter for Judgment of water pollution tends to give confirmatory information for the quality of water intended for civic use. from the results of this study ground water had fewer total bacterial number than surface water but after disinfection with chlorine, all both of them showed negative results except some cases in ground water weren’t completely disinfected. The number of heterotrophic bacteria in raw surface water was ranged from 3300 to 38900 CFU / ml. In raw ground water heterotrophic bacteria was ranged from 20 to 22300 CFU / ml. The number of total coliform bacteria in raw surface water was ranged from 18000 to 77000 total coliform /100ml. while raw ground water they ranged from negative result to (330 total coliform /100ml). The number of fecal coliform bacteria in raw surface water was ranged from 1600 to 19500 fecal coliform /100ml. while in raw ground water, were ranged from negative result to 90 fecal coliform /100ml. The number of fecal Streptococcus bacteria in raw surface water was ranged from 100 to 2600 fecal Streptococcus /100ml. In ground water all raw and treated samples showed negative results. Enumeration of algae in surface water samples is often a necessary part of water quality monitoring and algal research. The results from this study showed various phytoplankton structures belonging to five groups, namely, Bacillariophyta, Chlorophyta, Cyanophyta, Pyrrophyta and Euglenophyta. They varied in their numbers during the period of investigation in the tested water plants. The total number of phytoplankton stock per year in Shebin El-kom water plant exceeded the total number in Menof water plant. Bacillariophyceae represent the most abundant group in all investigated samples and Chlorophyta ranked as the 2nd group in their occurrence during the period of investigation in both Shebin El-kom and Menof water plants. Cyanophyta were present during the period of investigation low species number and ranked as the 3rd group in their occurrence in both Shebin El-kom and Menof water plants. Pyrrophyta and Euglenophyta showed rare occurrence during the period of investigation in both Shebin El-kom and Menof water plants. Surface water was treated and coagulated with two different coagulants, chemical coagulant (aluminum sulfate) and Natural coagulant (Moringa oleifera seeds). The chemical parameters weren’t affected negatively with using M. oleifera seeds extraction or aluminum sulfate as coagulants for water treatment. Some parameters were decreased such turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS), alkalinity, phosphates and ammonia. Others were increased such nitrates in using M. oleifera and aluminum sulfate, sulfate in using aluminum sulfate only. The remaining parameters had slightly changes with using both of M. oleifera seeds extraction or aluminum sulfate as coagulants. Coagulation with M. oleifera seeds extraction was very effective than aluminum sulfate, as it reduced turbidity of raw Nile water from 13.8 NTU to 2.2 NTU with algal removal 98.7% without chlorination, and with chlorination reduced turbidity of raw Nile water from 5.5 NTU to 1.5 NTU with algal removal 99.1%. On other hand aluminum sulfate reduced turbidity of raw Nile water from 13.8 NTU to 2.0 NTU with algal removal 85.8 % without chlorination, and with chlorination reduced turbidity of raw Nile water from 5.5 NTU to 1.2 NTU with algal removal 96.8%. Moringa oleifera was more effective on bacteria of raw water without chlorination than aluminum sulfate. The heterotrophic plate count (HPC) was decreased by 83.6% using Moringa oleifera while in aluminum sulfate, was decreased by 44.3 %. The total coliform bacteria using Moringa oleifera were decreased by 94.2 % while using aluminum sulfate were decreased by 34.6 %. The fecal coliform bacteria using Moringa oleifera were decreased by 98 % while using aluminum sulfate were decreased by 47.8%. The fecal streptococcus bacteria with using M. oleifera were decreased by 98.7% while using aluminum sulfate was decreased by 60.6 %. All chlorinated treated samples showed negative bacteriological results. |