الفهرس 
المقدمةيوجد فقط 14 صفحة متاحة للعرض العام
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المستخلص
Science, technology and innovation are essential elements for achieving economic development and the sustainable development goals in their three dimensions; Hence, interest in the role of universities and their research centers has increased due to their essential role in generating new ideas and producing knowledge and managing them with their human elements in various disciplines. If knowledge is employed and exploited, the university can achieve the development and competitive advantage on which institutions in all sectors depend to obtain an added value that will achieve a competitive advantage them. So the power of the state became linked to the scientific research produced by its universities in which it came up with solutions to face the challenges it faces, and thus The role of universities has moved from merely teaching and conducting scientific research to gaining value from knowledge transfer and application through investment in scientific research. The exit of distinguished applicable scientific research imposes on the university the inevitability of developing and updating education and upgrading the skills of its students and researchers through distinct study programs, which will be reflected in the researcher’s performance and the quality of his research, and the emergence of new organizational forms such as incubators and accelerators of university business and scientific parks linking its scientists and researchers with innovative ideas and Venture capitalists and collaborating with major companies to help startups emanating from them to reach out investors and market their products or sell the knowledge generated from them abroad. Because the production of knowledge and the application of scientific research outputs have a financial value, it has imposed the necessity to protect the university’s intellectual property rights to maximize its scientific research and create demand for its scientific products, which encourages investment in it, and It requires a necessity governance of higher education institutions to achieve the desired goals.