الفهرس 
ANATOMY OF SUPRARENAL GLANDOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Tramadol abuse has dramatically increased in Egypt since 2008 and
has led to many serious health and social problems leading to many
admissions to addiction treatment centres. Repeated tramadol administration
in such patients might lead to accumulation of toxic metabolites in their
blood and thus increase its potential for toxicity.
Many researchers have explored and evaluated the effects of chronic
use of tramadol on many body organs, for example, liver, kidney, testes,
heart, and thyroid gland. Owing to the few researches on the evaluation of
the effect of chronic use of tramadol on the endocrine system, the objective
of this study was to analyze the experimentally induced adrenal insufficiency
owing to chronic use of tramadol.
Melatonin is a potent hormone produced by the pineal gland; acts as
scavenger of reactive oxidative radicals. It can prevent free radical-induced
cellular oxidative damage and can contribute to the physiological functions
of the antioxidant defensive system. Also, it can stimulate several
antioxidant enzymes, thereby facilitating more antioxidant activities and
stabilizing cell membranes. In addition, it modulates the gene expression of
several protective enzymes and reduces apoptosis and lipid peroxidation.
Melatonin and its metabolites have anti-inflammatory properties and
have been proven to be highly effective in a variety of disorders linked to
inflammation and oxidative stress. In the current work melatonin used to
study its protective effect against hazards of tramadol on suprarenal cortex.