الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
1 Clay minerals are widely used in versatile biomedical applications due to their unique structural properties which give clay materials special properties e.g. sorption capacity, chemical inertness, high specific surface area, favourable rheological properties (1), reactivity to acids, swelling capacity and negligible toxicity (2). Furthermore, they are abundant in nature and inexpensive cost materials particularly when extracted from the nature, for example from deserts (3). The advantageous clay minerals’ physiochemical and physical properties have led them to play a significant role in pharmaceutical formulations and biomedical applications. Clay minerals and clays are nature’s highly common nano-material as well. Clay platelets also go through structural rearrangements so as to form nanotubes, nanofibers, and plate-like structures with lateral dimensions ranging just about micrometres in addition to thicknesses of 1 nm (4).