الفهرس 
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Abstract
The present thesis shows the importance of smoke management in overall and
specifically illustrates and numerically investigate suggested smoke management design ideals aiming to increase the safety and protection of vehicular road tunnels passengers in the case of smoke emitting fire incidents.
The most hazardous effect of smoke caused by fire in the vehicular road tunnels is the instant decrease of visibility which is not directly life threatening yet it can prevent
or delay escape and thus expose people to the risk of being overtaken by fire followed by suffocation of the vehicle passengers due to lack of oxygen along the path of the tunnels which have many types based on their dimensions. The first 3 types ranging from 91m, 240m and 300m in length tunnels require no mechanical ventilation or fire
suppression whether it is one or two direction traffic tunnel while the last 2 types starting from 300m and above mechanical ventilation or fire suppression are required for one or
two direction traffic tunnels.
The present work investigates the impact of using fire rated solid curtains with
transvers ventilation system on smoke blowout within the type C vehicular road tunnels which length ranges between 240m to 300m. Using such curtains helped the control and removal of smoke when used at the right point reaching a safer state for the vehicular road tunnels passengers by maintaining suitable visibility and oxygen levels regardless
the fast varying atmospheric wind compression existing on the tunnel entrance and exit doors.
Through solid curtains, normal airflow in the road tunnel is hardly reduced. This allows the smoke ventilation system to effectually extract smoke from within the tunnel. Advanced system transvers ventilation systems run on the similar manner of reducing exhausts like the longitudinal ventilation, but the inlet of fresh air and the removal of
exhaust air achieved through two ducts end to end at high upper side and lower side in the road tunnel or vice versa and through the length of the road tunnel, one for the inlet of the fresh air and one for outlet of the polluted air. The road tunnel is horizontal and completely below ground. It is 600m long, with a rectangular cross-section with 10m width and 5m height. Transvers ventilation system is used in ceiling downstream of the road tunnel. Emergency exits 150m apart are used
with a walkway across the tunnel length. The transverse ventilation systems is mainly used to conserve a clean air layer at the lower section of the road tunnel which is rectangular in order to facilitate the passenger evacuation from the hazardous area. FDS code 2018 version was used to simulate the eighteen cases at different
variations by using Heptane which equivalent to vehicles HRR. Cases with 30MW, which is equivalent to the burning of passenger car, a bus or a truck and cases with 70 MW which equal to burning of a tanker and a fixed fire position at 300m from road tunnel entrance as well survivability factors were checked-up at average human height. Case 1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 11, and 12 investigated 30MW & 70MW alternatives and using
fire rated solid curtains and exhaust fans ranging from 2, 3, 4 and up to 5 transverse ventilation system while case 5, 6, 7, 8, 13, 14, 15 and 16 investigated 30MW & 70MW alternatives and using water mist nozzles spray and exhaust fans ranging from 2, 3, 4
and up to 5 traverse ventilation system as for case 17, 18 jet fan were used.
This research concludes that the use of solid curtain leads to best results and higher performance in terms of getting rid of smoke dealing with heat and visibility and co levels and has best result on proficiency of smoke removal and survivability factors are
enhanced at the average human height.