الفهرس 
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Abstract
The present work comprises a study of “Alternative Safe and Cheap coagulants used in Sugar Factories in main Quality Control Laboratories to clarify Samples instead of Lead Acetate” .
The most common coagulant used in quality control laboratories in sugar industry to clarify the juice samples is lead acetate for removing colorant compounds and the components that interfere with polarimeter reading. Due its known poisonous effects on the living organisms and the environment , this study has been focused on the search for efficient, safe, cost effective and eco-friendly coagulants alternative to lead acetate to clarify juice samples. Some inorganic compounds were tested as (Alum, MgSO4, ZnCl2, Zn (CH3COO)2, MgCl2 and Poly aluminum chloride), and the results showed that the impurities that affect the polarimetric reading were removed by percentages that reached 87,1% for zinc chloride , 86.95 % for zinc acetate, 79.5 % for magnesium sulfate, 81.7 % for magnesium chloride, 83.6 % for alum and 90.13 % for poly aluminum chloride if compared with the removal percentage of lead acetate, which recorded 87.15 %. Special attention has been directed towards the use of kaolinite clay; it has been used both in its crude or modified forms by (acetic, sulfuric and citric acids), calcinated or loaded by alum and polyacrylamide. Optimization of the conditions such as adsorbent dose, time of stirring and pH were studied for the sake of achieving the best removal of non-sugar impurities and colorants from the juice sample.
Also, the phytotoxicity of some tested coagulants versus lead acetate was applied to compare the toxicity of lead acetate and the tested inorganic coagulants. Many morphological changes have appeared when an inorganic coagulant was tested against Vicia Faba seeds. Treatments were evaluated by counting the number of germinated seeds and measuring the length of roots. Seedling Vigor index (SVI) for each treatment was calculated by the total germination percent X root length. The effects of inorganic coagulant abilities on germination % and root length of Vicia Faba is 90% for zinc salt ,100% for both the magnesium salt and alum and 50% for lead acetate. The length of root is 1.5 cm for zinc salt ,5.8 cm for magnesium salt, 6.3 cm for alum and and 4 cm for diluted lead acetate. While the Seeding vigor index is 135 for zinc salt ,580 for magnesium salt ,630 For alum and 200 for lead acetate .
This study also has been devoted for the search for a natural efficient, safe, cost effective and eco-friendly alternative coagulant, Moringa oleifera seeds powder has been processed to produce natural and safe coagulant capable of clarifying the juice samples. The produced coagulant proved efficient and can be used as an alternative to the extremely harmful lead acetate chemical. Moringa oleifera seeds contain dimeric proteins with a molecular weight of 30kD that has aggregate properties ,was used to remove impurities and color from different sugar juices samples that reached 64.14%-59.7-53.8 % through the use of Moringa seeds after grinding and using them crushed (powdwer) or by extracting the proteins by cold or hot sodium chloride soln. or by applying Moringa seed’s powder with sodium chloride solution.