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Abstract The pro-angiogenic cytokine vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is considered the primary factor involved in neovascularization and the pathogenesis of PDR [5,6]. Increased levels of VEGF have been reported in the vitreous humor and fibrovascular tissues from eyes with PDR[7-12]. VEGF activates two tyrosine kinase receptors, VEGFR-1, and VEGFR-2. These receptors regulate physiological and pathological angiogenesis. VEGFR-2 is expressed mostly on vascular endothelial cells [13].Activation of VEGFR-2 stimulates endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and survival, as well as angiogenesis and microvascular permeability |