الفهرس 
Effect of adenosine A2A receptor antagonist, niacin and curcumin as neuroprotective agents against Parkinson’s disease induced by rotenone in mice
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Abstract
Parkinson{u2019}s disease (PD) is the second common age-related neurodegenerative disease. It is characterized by control loss of voluntary movements control, resting tremor, postural instability, bradykinesia, and rigidity.The aim of the present work is to evaluate curcumin, niacin, dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic drugs in mice model of Parkinson{u2019}s disease through behavioral, biochemical, genetic and histopathological observations. Mice treated with rotenone rerecorded significant increase in adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) gene expression, Ü synuclein, acetylcholinesterase (AchE), malondialdehyde (MDA), angiotensin-II (Ang-II), c-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), caspase-3 and DNA fragmentation levels as compared with the control group. While, significant decrease in dopamine (DA), nor adrenaline (NA), serotonin (5-HT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), succinate and lactate dehydrogenases (SDH &LDH) levels were detected.Treatment with curcumin, niacin, adenosine A2AR antagonist; ZM241385 and their combination enhanced the animals{u2019} behavior and restored all the selected parameters with variable degrees of improvement. The brain histopathological features of hippocampal and substantia nigra regions confirmed our results. In conclusion, the combination of curcumin, niacin and ZM241385 recorded the most potent treatment effect in Parkinsonism mice followed by ZM241385, as a single treatment. ZM241385 succeeded to antagonize adenosine A2A receptor by diminishing its gene expression and ameliorating all biochemical parameters under investigation.The newly investigated agent; ZM241385 has almost the same pattern of improvement as the classical drug; Sinemet®. This could shed the light to the need of detailed studies on ZM241385 for its possible role as a promising treatment against PD. Additionally, food supplements such as curcumin and niacin were effective in Parkinson{u2019}s disease eradication