الفهرس 
Chapter 1 IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 144 |  |  |
| | | from | 144 | | |
Abstract
Waste tires is one of the solid residuals that can have serious impacts environmentally. Therefore, controlling this waste through conversion into value-added products such as bio-fuels is highly recommended. Consequently, this work reports catalytic-hydrocracking of waste tier pyrolytic oil (WTPO) to fuels over Ni-W supported on zeolite X, A, MCM-41, and Al-MCM-41. The conversion of waste tire pyrolytic oil (WTPO) to fuels via hydrotreatment followed by hydrocracking (HC) processes. The precursor of the synthesized catalyst is another type of waste namely; blast furnace slag (BFS). The catalysts were hydrothermally synthesized from BFS followed by impregnation of metals oxide. The catalysts physiochemical properties were investigated via several analysis tools such as X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis that confirmed the catalysts crystallography, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed the cubic, octahedral, and ordered hexagonal mesoporous morphology of the prepared samples of zeolite A, zeolite X, and MCM-41, respectively. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) determined the surface chemical of the precipitated metal oxides, also temperature programmed reduction (TPR) studied the reduction behaviors of NiO and WO3. The prepared catalysts presented mesoporous natures with reasonable specific surface area, as acquired from nitrogen adsorption-desorption analysis. The catalysts activity toward upgrading of WTPO was investigated under different operating conditions. Particularly, zeolite catalysts have exhibited high activity through producing reasonable yields of gasoline (35% and 40%) and high yields of diesel (45% and 30%) by Ni-W loaded zeolite A and X, respectively. Additionally, zeolite X supported catalyst showed a higher selectivity toward catalytic HDS of WTPO than the zeolite A. On the other hand, The Ni–W/Al-MCM-41 catalyst possessed the higher HC activity and 97.7% hydrodesulfurization. The high activity was explained via the surface area, pore size and catalyst acidity. Both MCM-41 catalysts have successfully produced gasoline and diesel-like fractions corresponding to the EN228 and EN590 specifications. The hydrocracked oil produced a 35 wt% of gasoline and 33% diesel upon fractionation. The performed optimum findings were collected at the following operating conditions: 80 bar, 450° C and LHSV of 1.2 h-1.