الفهرس 
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Abstract
Feather pecking and cannibalism are both harmful, painful behaviors that can result in the death of birds, resulting in economic losses. As a result, duck producers typically cut their birds’ beak and claws within the first three weeks of life. Moreover, Feather-pecking is poorly understood due to its multifaceted nature, and it is mostly handled by remedial techniques such as beak-trimming and reduced lighting which aim to alleviate the problem but do not address the primary cause of the behavior). Furthermore, beak-trimming is a difficult issue that has its own set of issues, including acute and chronic pain.
Alterations of diet are one of the most preferred and practical methods to relive the negative effects of a wide range of potential stressors that birds may expose to them after bill trimming stress.
Growth promoters were chemical and biological substances introduced to the livestock food to improve the productivity of poultry, maximize the use of food, and thus achieve better production performance. Bamboo leaf extract is an excellent feed additive, which had a beneficial effect on the host organisms through the development of immunity, health status, relives stress, because of its powerful anti-oxidant and anti-bacterial properties.
Bamboos are huge woody grasses that are members of the Poaceae family. This ancient woody grass found all over the world in tropical, subtropical, and mild temperate climates. Bamboo is a remarkably varied plant that can adapt to a wide range of climatic and soil conditions. Bamboo found all throughout the world, and its leaves employed in China for medicinal and culinary uses. Bamboo leaves contain active chemicals such as flavonoids, polyphenols, and active polysaccharides.
According to modern studies, bamboo provides a multitude of health benefits, including boosting appetite and digestion, antioxidant activities, and anti-inflammatory effects. Moreover, Bamboo leaf is highly nutritive and contains important raw materials like crude protein, crude fiber, ash and other minerals. Leaves are rich in calcium, magnesium, copper, and manganese; moderate in zinc.
Hypothesis:
Bamboo leaf extract is effectively:
1. Inhibit the harmful effects of bill trimming stress.
2. Improve the productivity and health status of birds under bill trimming stress.
The main purpose of this study:
To examine the efficacy of bamboo leaf extract in improving the health status of birds and effectively inhibiting the harmful effects of bill trimming stress.
Experimental design:
The 24 floor pens were randomly allocated to 1 of 4 dietary treatments in 6 replicates of 5 ducks per replicate: a regular diet mixed with bamboo leaf extract at 0 (CONT and BT-CONT), 1 (BT-BLE1), and 2 (BT-BLE2) g/kg-1 feed. The dietary treatments were from day 15 to day 60 when ducks reached the market weight. The birds were fed with duck mash 17% from 15 day to 8 weeks of age.
Bill trimming stress: At 21 days old, all birds were subjected to catching, handling and by using LYON beak trimmer about 0.5 cm of their maxilla were trimmed by using hot searing method , except CONT birds were sham trimmed.
The results:
1) Behaviour parameters: In the experiment, there was no effect of dietary supplementation of bamboo leaf extract on ingestive and locomotion behaviors of bill trimmed mule duck. However, bill related behavior such as, aggressive pecking, feather pecking and wall pecking behaviors were decreased but preening was increased in bill trimmed mule ducks.
2) Growth parameters: Dietary supplementation of bamboo leaf extract at the levels used in this study has no effect on the growth performance and internal organs weights (heart, spleen, gizzard and liver) of bill trimmed mule duck.
3) Physiological parameters:
• Dietary supplementation of bamboo leaf extract improved serum stress physiological indicators (reduced corticosterone and hetrophile lymphocyte ratio but did not affect glucose level) of mule ducks exposed to bill trimming stress, reflected improvement in the health status of the birds and their ability to cope with stress conditions.
• Dietary supplementation of bamboo leaf extract increased serum total protein, globulin and alkaline phosphatase. However, there were no significant differences in albumin and albumin globulin ratio between all the treatments.
• The results showed that the bamboo leaf extract had no effect on kidney function tests (urea and creatinine), calcium, phosphorus and calcium phosphorus ratio of bill trimmed mule ducks.
• Dietary supplementation of bamboo leaf extract increased catalase and superoxide dismutase which proved that bamboo leaf extract had a powerful antioxidant capacity and improved the health status of the birds and their ability to cope with stress conditions.
4) Intestinal microbiota: In the present study the gram positive bacteria (S.aureus ,S.epidermidis and enterococci) are isolated from all groups without differences. While the gram negative bacteria (except E. coli ) were more less in the groups supplemented with bamboo extract that may suggest the antibacterial effect of bamboo leaf extract against gram negative bacteria more than gram positive bacteria.
5) In the present study, bamboo leaf extract showed an impressive results in regeneration of nerve fibers in bill trimmed mule ducks.