الفهرس 
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Abstract
Summary and Conclusion
The present in vitro study was aimed to evaluate cleaning efficiency
through micrographs analysis captured by both stereomicroscope and
environmental scan electron microscope of the root canal lumen after
preparation by three different rotary systems (SmarttrackX3, Endo*star E3 and
ProTaper Gold rotary system and the use of two different chelators (1% Phytic
acid and 17% EDTA)
In the present study 60 unidentified extracted maxillary anterior human
teeth extracted for orthodontic and periodontal reasons were collected. Divided
into three groups each 20 teeth in a group. All the teeth were decoronated using
taper stone under copious amount of water. Teeth have been randomly assigned
to be prepared by NiTi rotary systems (SmarttrackX3, Endo*star E3 and
ProTaper Gold) according to manufacture instructions.
Each group was further subdivided into 2 subgroups according to the final
rinse (chelating agent) (1% Phytic acid and 17% EDTA). Grooves parallel to the
long axis were made on the buccal and lingual surfaces of all the roots and were
cut into two halves using diamond disks then splitting was completed by chisel.
Presence or absence of debris were evaluated using stereomicroscope. One half
of each root was evaluated for smear layer removal by ESEM.
The results of this study showed that the least debris was recorded by
ProTaper Gold rotary system, and the highest debris was recorded by Endo*star
E3 rotary system. And no difference in smear layer removal between 1% Phytic
acid and 17% EDTA as a final rinse.
The conclusions of the present study were:
ProTaper gold recorded less remaining debris followed by Smarttrack x3
followed by Endo*star E3
1%phytic acid had the same effect on smear layer as 17% EDTA.
Summary and Conclusion
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More smear layer removal and more opened dentinal tubules was
recorded at coronal third and less smear layer removal and less opened
dentinal tubules recorded at apical third with all rotary systems.
No of the rotary systems used completely cleaned the apical segment