الفهرس 
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Abstract
Resilience is the ability of an ecosystem to absorb
shocks, resist phase shifts and regenerate after natural and
human-induced disturbances (Nyström et al., 2000). A core
component of resilience is the ability of an ecosystem to
maintain its key ecological functions and processes after
disturbance by either resisting or adapting to change
(Gunderson, 2000; Carpenter et al., 2001; Nyström &
Folke, 2001). For coral reefs, it is the ability of reefs to
absorb recurrent disturbances (such as coral bleaching
events), and rebuild coral-dominated systems rather than
shifting to algal dominated systems (Marshall &
Schuttenberg, 2006; Hughes et al., 2007a).
Coral reef ecosystems are damaged by numerous
human activities (Nyström et al., 2000; Bellwood et al.,
2004) and global climate change is exacerbating reef
degradation through increases in thermal stress, ocean
acidification, storm activity and disease outbreaks (Hughes
et al., 2003; Hoegh-Guldberg et al., 2007; Cheal et al.,
2010). Together, these stressors may lead to coral–
macroalgal phase shifts.