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Abstract Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic non-essential transition metal that poses a health risk to both humans and animals. It occurs naturally in the environment as a pollutant from agricultural and industrial sources. Exposure to cadmium is primarily through ingestion of contaminated food and water, and to a large extent through inhalation and smoking. Cadmium accumulates in plants and animals with a half-life of about 25 to 30 years. Epidemiological data suggested that occupational and environmental exposures to cadmium are associated with a variety of lung, prostate, nasopharyngeal, pancreatic, and renal cancers. And cadmium in the environment may be a risk factor for osteoporosis. The liver and kidneys are extremely sensitive to the toxic effects of cadmium. |