الفهرس | Only 14 pages are availabe for public view |
Abstract Liver to brain communication pathways. Neural pathway: the liver is innervated by vagal afferents that can be activated by the local inflammatory mediators such as TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6. The activated vagal afferents project to different brain areas. Humoral pathway: local syntheized cytokines are released to systemic circulation and reach the brain. They can either diffuse freely to the brain parenchyma in areas where there is a lack of intact blood– brain barrier such as circumventricular organ – CVOs – or activate cerebral endothelial cells – CECs – and signal the brain. Monocytes can also migrate into the brain in response to an activation of the cerebral microglia. As a result of this, there is a release of cerebral immune mediators such as neurosteroids and prostaglandins that will signal neurons and cause symptoms of sickness behaviour. Peripheral inflammation can accelerate the natural course of neurodegenerative diseases. |