الفهرس 
1. IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The current study aimed to explore the prevalence of Toxoplasma among dogs and cats in Egypt as well as investigate the role of cyclic nucleotide signaling in the chronic stage of the disease through genetic manipulation techniques.
In this research, 223 serum samples (172 dogs and 51 cats) were analysed for T. gondii antibodies using ELISAs. A risk factor analysis identified associations with seropositivity. Exposure rates were 23.3% in dogs and 9.8% in cats. Among dogs, older age and male German Shepherds showed significantly higher seroprevalence. Factors such as purpose (e.g., watchdog), male sex, and residing in Alexandria were also linked to higher seroprevalence in dogs. No significant factors were found in cats.
Although Pyrimethamine treats the acute phase, no drugs target the chronic or sexual stages due to insufficient understanding of stage differentiations. This study focused on identification of role of cAMP signaling in parasite growth and differentiation, as potential drug targets. Using genetic modification tools like CRISPR-Cas9, in-silico analysis, recombinant protein expression, and animal models, we established a system to assess the impact of cAMP signaling on parasite growth and stage differentiation. This statement essentially highlights the findings of an experiment that investigated the roles of two specific proteins, TgPDE14 and PKAc2, in the growth and lifecycle of a parasite. TgPDE14 and PKAc2 These are two proteins that were studied in the context of a parasitic organism. Not individually necessary for parasite growth When these proteins were individually deleted from the parasite, there wasn’t a significant impact on the parasite’s ability to grow. This was determined by measuring plaque number and size, as well as through replication assays. Roles in stage conversion in vivo, despite not being crucial for overall parasite growth, both TgPDE14 and PKAc2 play roles in a specific aspect of the parasite’s lifecycle called ”stage conversion”
when observed in living organisms (in vivo). One observed effect of deleting these proteins was a reduction in the formation of tissue cysts in the brains of mice that were infected with the mutant parasite. This suggests that TgPDE14 and PKAc2 are involved in processes related to the formation of tissue cysts in the brain during the parasite’s lifecycle. In summary, while TgPDE14 and PKAc2 may not be essential for overall parasite growth, they do have specific functions related to stage conversion and tissue cyst formation in vivo.