الفهرس 
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Abstract
,Permanent restoration of hearing with neither [conductive nor sensor i neural impairment is the goal of [functional reconstruction in tympanopl asty. Surgical [reconstruction of ossicular defects in chronic middle ear disease is a difficult problem. However, careful execution [of precise surgical techniques should result in satisfactory Ihearing in two thirds or more of the cases. There are two schools of thought among otologists as regards reconstructing the ossicular chain. One group believes that the middle ear should not be vioalted by nonliving material and only human autografted or homografted material, usually bone or cartilage should be used in ossicular reconstruction. The other group seeks to utilize the new biocompatible implant materials developed in recent years to reconstruct the ossicular chain. No completely satisfactory method has been devised to reconstruct the ossicular chain. Homologous or autologous ossicles have been used for many years, however, displacement and refixation of sculptured ossicles sometimes occur. Also, the use of human tissue has certain limitations not readly accessible, has limited shelf life, and clinicians are wary of using homograft tissue as concern over the AIDS virus spread.