الفهرس 
INTRODUCTION AND AIM OF THE WORKOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Tracheal surgery is mainly directed towards management of tracheal stenosis and obstruction and its techniques include tracheostomy, repair and healing of the airway, end-to-end tracheal and bronchial anastomosis, tracheal reconstruction, primary resection and reanastomosis, anatomic mobilization of trachea, laryngeal release and carinal resection and reconstruction. The type of stenoses includes 2 groups which are structural and dynamic stenosis. Structural stenosis includes, stenosis due to all types of exophytic intraluminal malignant or benign tumors and granulation tissue, extrinsic compression, narrowing due to airway distortion, kinking, bending, or buckling, and lastly shrinking or scarring (eg, postintubation stenosis). While dynamic (functional) stenosis includes, triangular- or tent-shaped airway (in which cartilage is damaged) and inward bulging of the flappy posterior membrane. Circumferential resection and reconstruction remains the best overall treatment strategy for symptomatic trachreal lesions when it is technically feasible and when the clinical status of the patient permits The purpose of airway stenting is to relieve airway obstruction caused by strictures not suitable for resection and reconstruction. So airway stenting provides an alternative that surgeons can offer to patients who present with unresectable central airway obstruction But it would be valuable to know how stent placement impacts longevity and quality of life in these patients A number of indications for endoscopic treatment have been reported but the most frequent is lung cancer. Primary airway tumors, esophageal cancer, tracheoesophageal fistula, thyroid cancer, head and neck tumours, metastases, postintubation or idiopatic benign tracheal stenosis and inflammatory lesions are other indications. Tracheobronchial malacia and vascular compression are also considerable indications. However a variety of airway stenting and endoscopic techniques have been developed recently to manage benign and malignant lesions involving the airways. Stenting is the principal endoscopic treatment available to manage intrinsic long-segment tracheobronchial stenosis, also it is an alternative treatment for a recalcitrant, unresectable benign stricture or for a recurrent obstructive endoluminal tumor. Conclusion: Airway stenting does not replace tracheobronchial resection and reconstruction for resectable benign or malignant airway lesions, but it does offer immediate palliation of respiratory symptoms with an improved quality of life and frequently length of life as well.